Pulmonology, a sub-specialty of Internal Medicine, focuses on the respiratory tract’s health, encompassing the lower airway, lungs, and breathing control, along with their impact on blood oxygenation. Also known as chest medicine or respiratory medicine, pulmonology deals with various respiratory conditions and lung disorders. The respiratory system comprises several components, including the mouth, nose, sinuses, throat, voice box, windpipe, bronchial tubes, lungs, diaphragm, and associated structures like bronchioles and alveoli. Short-term lung illnesses like flu or cough can often be managed through primary care. However, persistent symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, or pneumonia may require consultation with a pulmonologist a specialist in lung disease treatment.