Structural or functional abnormalities present from birth, which may affect the heart, brain, spine, kidneys, or limbs. These may result from genetic, environmental, or unknown factors.
Congenital Anomalies
Diagnosis
Detailed anomaly scan at 18–22 weeks
Fetal echocardiography for heart defects
Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling for genetic conditions
3D/4D ultrasound and MRI for in-depth evaluation
Treatment
Counselling and multidisciplinary planning
In-utero fetal therapy in selected conditions
Planning for delivery in a tertiary centre with NICU and pediatric surgery
Postnatal surgical correction, depending on the anomaly
When to See a Doctor
Family history of congenital disorders
Exposure to infections, medications, or harmful substances during pregnancy