Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. They can vary in size, ranging from tiny crystals to large stones that can cause severe pain and complications. Kidney stones may develop when certain substances in the urine, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, become highly concentrated and crystallize. Factors contributing to the formation of kidney stones include dehydration, diet high in certain foods, family history, obesity, and certain medical conditions.
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